Conservatory Glasgow Scotland Resources

A conservatory is a school dedicated to teaching the art of music including playing of musical instruments, musical composition, musicianship and music theory. A conservatory is also another name for a large greenhouse where plants are cultivated.

Conservatory: taking a classic one step further - Food Trends in Fine Dining. The Conservatory at the Peabody Court hotel in Baltimore burst upon the scene four years ago and soon took its place among the finest hotel restaurants in the country. Under the watchful eye of owner Morton Sarubin, a succession of chefs has earned the Conservatory a reputation for serving the finest of classical cuisine. Now a new chef is gently guiding the restaurant in a new direction.

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Thomas Albert Knight (1759-1838) published a paper in 1812, laying out his theories on the most efficient structure of glasshouses. Rather than designing them based on the style of existing orangeries, Knight proposed different arrangements with curving walls and roofs. His work supplemented the achievements of John Claudius Loudon (1782-1843), who studied growing techniques all over Europe and was an admirer of Thomas Jefferson. Elizabeth Rogers in her book Landscape Design, writes, "Experimenting with different shapes and structural techniques in his Bayswater garden, in 1816 Loudon invented a curvilinear sash bar of wrought iron. His experiments also led him to propose a 'ridge and furrow,' or double meridian, glazing system in which the glass panes of the conservatory were angled so as best to catch morning and afternoon light while preventing the scorching of leaves by the direct rays of the noondays sun ...and pulleys in the manner of Venetian blinds to gain a more desirable angle...or to let in fresh air and summer rain showers." (p.317) At Chatsworth, Paxton became chief gardener in 1826 at age 23. He built a great conservatory there, often considered as a prototype for the Crystal Palace. Devonshire wrote that when Paxton arrived at Chatsworth, he found, "...four pine-houses, bad; two vineries, which contained eight bunches of grapes; two good peach houses, and a few cucumber frames. There were no houses at all for plants..." All of this was to change in a very short time and gardens would never again be the same. By the early nineteenth century, tastes were evolving. In his outstanding work, Life in the English Country House, Mark Girouard writes, "The upper- and upper-middle classes had reached the stage of sophistication at which they could react against their own civilization and endeavour to go back to nature. They found nature both in the countryside, preferably in as wild a state as possible, and in man in the countryside, preferably in the supposedly unconstrained, passionate and pure state as presented in the myth or model for the Noble Savage....towards the end of the eighteenth century people began to feel that the main rooms of a house should be in touch with the outside world-not just by views through the windows, although increasing attention was paid to these, but also by means of having the rooms at ground level, with low-silled windows or actual French windows opening straight into the garden or on to the lawn. The rooms thus flowed out in the garden and correspondingly the garden made inroads into the house, in the form of vases and pots of flowers or occupied an entire room in the form of a conservatory attached to the home." (214) The regency era was truly the cusp of dramatic changes in science, technology, manufacture and democratic values. All of these changes can be seen in the very interesting and significant developments in conservatories and greenhouses.

The real beauty of a conservatory is that it is a room, which is part home and part garden bringing the delicious scents that abound in the garden, indoors. It also affords a cosy and comfortable haven in which to enjoy the outdoors even when the wind and rain is lashing all around. Once built many people find that this beautiful room becomes a focal point and is used much more than was originally anticipated. The high glass content of a conservatory can be an ideal room for growing a variety of houseplants. However care must be taken when selecting plants to ensure they will enjoy the conditions afforded by the aspect of the room and whether it is heated or not.

Conservatories of today are a far cry from the original glass houses of yesteryear. These were constructed primarily to protect exotic plants from the worst ravages of a British winter and were often found gracing only the magnificent of stately homes. A conservatory is no longer a separate building, an awkward appendage seemingly stuck on to an available wall. It is now a bespoke item, designed and constructed not only to suit individual budgets and tastes but as integral part of the property itself.

Since the first purposeful cultivation of plants, humankind has struggled to improve growing conditions by altering the environment. For the plant to thrive, is it too cold? Too dark? Too rainy? Too arid? Too windy? How can the plant's living arrangements be improved to give it maximum light, water, air circulation and fertility? How can we improve on Mother Nature?

On September 20, the historic Victorian glass house in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park was finally reopened to the public after an eight-year, $25 million restoration. Celebrate the occasion at an extravaganza featuring live performances, horticultural demonstrations, and kids' activities. Inside the 12,000-square-foot conservatory, visitors can view 1,500 species of rare and unusual tropical plants from more than 50 countries; the plants are displayed in six different climate chambers. Of particular interest is the Plant Explorers Exhibit (in the Lowland Tropics dome), which tells the stories and displays the gear of plant explorers past and present.

To some extent, the terms greenhouse, glasshouse, hothouse, orangerie, pinery, and conservatory are used interchangeably, though each has a generally agreed upon specific meaning. Greenhouse or glasshouse obviously has a glass roof and walls. Hot houses have heating elements. Orangeries and pineries have floor-to-ceiling south-facing windows, usually with a roof of solid material. Conservatories are for enjoyment by people as well as the cultivation of plants. All these terms and the buildings they describe existed in regency England, mostly at royal palaces and the estates of the wealthy aristocracy. Leading architects of the time were engaged in building and improving them for conservatories, etc. had become the very epitome of modern design.

Georgian Conservatories: Georgian architecture was the style of the 18th century, especially from the reign of King George I who ascended the throne in 1711, into the reign of King George IV. Design and architecture of the Georgian period naturally flowed from British styling for many decades in advance of the period. However, although Georgian design does maintain a continuation of established British technique, other stylings merged to form the Georgian school.

One of the most famous of the Regency-era conservatories was built at Carlton House, the Prince of Wales' London residence, demolished in 1826-27, which had been redesigned for him by Henry Holland (1745-1806) in 1787. Over the years, the Prince worked hard, decorating and redecorating, to make it the most magnificent residence in Europe, and by some standards he succeeded, only to have it demolished when its position was judged obstructive to the grand design he and architect John Nash worked out to redesign large sections of London, which later were named Regent Street and Regent Park. The famous conservatory was added in 1807 of the newest construction techniques in cast iron columns and a fan vaulted ceiling supporting large glass spaces. The architect was Thomas Hopper (1776-1856) whose work was considered a tour de force. The conservatory opened into the gardens at one end. If one looked in the opposite direction, there was a clear view of the entire lower ground-floor range of rooms, at the mall level, opening into one another in this sequence from west to east: conservatory, ionic dining room, gothic dining room. As an aside, architect Hopper's subsequent commissions included the main dwellings at Gosford Castle, Northern Ireland, and Penrhyn Castle, Wales, among many others. He was particularly admired for his Normal Revival style. The Carlton House conservatory was intentionally theatrical, as some writers observed, over the top and bringing the term "elaborate" to a new level. The Prince Regency planned a great fete for 2,000 people on June 19, 1811,to celebrate his Regency. The supper table was 200 feet long, the entire length of the Ionic Dining Room and the Gothic conservatory. Men were dressed, according to J. B. Priestly in his The Prince of Pleasure and His Regency (1969), in their court dress or uniforms. Down the middle of the entire length of the table ran a curving stream of water from a silver fountain in front of the Prince. Its path was lined with flowers, mossy banks and crossed by miniature bridges. Goldfish swam up and down this tiny stream. Here is the account by John Ashton in Social England Under the Regency (1895) of the Prince Regent's conservatory and the party: "...the architecture of it is of the most delicate Gothic. The upper end was a kind of circular buffet surmounted by a Medallion, with the initials G.P.R. lined by festoons and antique draperies of pink and silver, and partly filled by mirrors, before which, on ornamented shelves, stood a variety of vases, candlesticks, &c. of the most gorgeous gold plate...In the front of the Regent's seat there was a circular basin of water, with an enriched Temple in the centre of it, from whence there was a meandering stream to the bottom of the table, bordered with green banks. Three or four fantastic bridges were thrown over it, one of them with a small tower upon it, which gave the little stream a picturesque appearance. It contained also a number of gold and silver fish. The excellence of design, and exquisiteness of workmanship could not be exceeded; it exhibited a grandeur beyond description; while the many and various purposes for which gold and silver materials were used were equally beautiful and superb in all their minute detail.

The French botanist Jules Charles is attributed by many with the construction of the first really practical greenhouse in 1599 in Holland. The building was used to grow tropical plants for medicinal purposes, such as the Tamarind, used for curative potions.

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