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A conservatory is a school dedicated to teaching the art of music including playing of musical instruments, musical composition, musicianship and music theory. A conservatory is also another name for a large greenhouse where plants are cultivated.

Conservatory: taking a classic one step further - Food Trends in Fine Dining. The Conservatory at the Peabody Court hotel in Baltimore burst upon the scene four years ago and soon took its place among the finest hotel restaurants in the country. Under the watchful eye of owner Morton Sarubin, a succession of chefs has earned the Conservatory a reputation for serving the finest of classical cuisine. Now a new chef is gently guiding the restaurant in a new direction.

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At Versailles, the orangerie is more than 500 feet in length, 42 feet wide and 45 feet high. The lovely fragrance of orange blossoms must have been a compelling attraction for special parties held by the French court in the orangerie. Orangeries can be seen at many English country houses (e.g. Saltram House (OR1), Plymouth, Hampshire; Sezincote (OR2), Gloucestershire) and on the grounds of several royal palaces (e.g. Kensington Palace, London, OR3), as well as throughout Europe. In Boston, Massachusetts, Andre Faneuil, a well-to-do businessman, built the first known American greenhouse about 1737 mainly to grow fruit. George Washington built a pinery at Mount Vernon in Virginia in which he raised pineapples. A regency-era garden in Washington, D. C., Tudor Place (1644 31st St. NW, Georgetown), survives from 1805, and can be visited today. In addition to the historic house with its fine federal-period furnishings, the garden reflects numerous features found in gardens of the day on both sides of the Atlantic. The Tudor Place conservatory dates from the late eighteenth century. In the style of orangeries, it has three huge windows, and naturally, faces south.Numerous flowering shrubs are kept there during the winter. Another resident of the conservatory at Tudor Place is a sago palm (Cycas revoluta), said to be the third generation descendent of a plant purchased in Philadelphia in 1813. A primary motivation for the improvement of greenhouse design was the English penchant for the collection and study of botanic material from all over the globe. The earliest explorers brought back seeds and exotic species. The damp, chill English climate needed some alteration if these new species were to survive and flourish. Kew Gardens (officially the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew) originally belonged to the royal family. Frederick, Prince of Wales, (son of George II and father of George III) and his wife, Princess Augusta, had a great interest in exotic plants. Their collection is the core of today's 40,000 varieties of plants at Kew. None of Kew's hothouses survive from the Georgian period. One regency-era building, which may have been partially an orangerie, was in a state of considerable disrepair when I last visited Kew. Resembling a Greek or Roman temple, it was slated for renovation, according to guides. Among the more familiar Kew buildings, the vast Palm House dates from 1844; one of the most recent additions to Kew is the Princess of Wales Conservatory, named in honor of Augusta, Princess of Wales, and Diana, Princess of Wales, who opened the new structure in 1987. By 1825, greenhouses were becoming increasingly common, many heated by furnaces. The purpose of the greenhouse is to extend the growing season or to replicate tropical growing conditions in colder northern climes.

Many of the vegetables available today in St. Petersburg, Russia, for example, are grown under glass in acres of greenhouses that rim the city, a necessity for the climate. The St. Petersburg greenhouses date from shortly after the founding of the city of Peter the Great at the dawn of the eighteenth century. By the middle of the 19th century, the popularity of greenhouses had grown exponentially. What's more, materials became less expensive and more readily available, so greenhouses and growing plants under glass were no longer a pastime only of the wealthy. Small greenhouses and conservatories of many designs were added to middle class Victorian houses. There was also competition by cities and countries to build conservatories as part of grand public parks. These housed exotic, non-native plants as well as common varieties, and remain popular today. One of the most famous glass buildings in the world was the Great Exhibition's Crystal Palace, built in London in 1850-51 for the Great Exhibition. Chief architect was Joseph Paxton (1803-65), former gardener to the sixth Duke of Devonshire (the Bachelor Duke). It contained all kinds of exhibits, not only plants. Nonetheless, the design of the Crystal Palace influenced decades worth of greenhouses and conservatories. Paxton was influenced by the achievements of Knight and Loudon in creating more efficient greenhouses.

The regency era, whether one confines the definition strictly to 1811-1820 or, more broadly, to the French Revolution to Victoria period 1789-1837, was truly a time of transition in enhanced plant cultivation indoors. When it began, traditional orangeries were popular and when it ended, rooms built of delicate iron ribs holding curvilinear walls and roofs of glass had captured the fancy of all society. In her book Regency Gardens, Mavis Batey writes, "There was a new connection between house and garden through conservatories and flower corridors; interior decoration and trellised verandahs complemented each other; fluted curtains, flowerstands and flouncing shrubberies matching the elegance of Regency costume." (p.5)

Not long ago, the Garfield Park Conservatory (Ill.) seemed beyond salvaging--it was old, needed refurbishing and had few patrons. Enter the guys with white hats. First, the Chicago Park District launched an $8 million capital improvement campaign. Then a task force of 80 community groups convened and developed the Garfield Park Conservatory Alliance, a nonprofit organization dedicated to developing and funding programs, visitor service and community relations at the conservatory. The alliance received its funding from the Lila Wallace-Reader's Digest Fund, which seeks to rejuvenate urban parks through creative partnerships.

The Romans, adept at channeling the waters and building for maximum comfort, had many schemes to enhance growing conditions for plants of all kinds. The Roman emperor Tiberius had a sort of greenhouse, called a Specularium, created with mica in small translucent flakes where we would today have glass. Tiberius, it is reported, needed a year-round supply of his favorite food: cucumbers!

The French botanist Jules Charles is attributed by many with the construction of the first really practical greenhouse in 1599 in Holland. The building was used to grow tropical plants for medicinal purposes, such as the Tamarind, used for curative potions.

"Needless to say, this grand fete was made fun of--and so we see in 'Gudgeon fishing a la Conservatory,' the meandering stream down the centre of the Regent's table is caricatured, and taken liberties with his subject--the Prince, for instance, sat on a plain the fair ladies are provided with rods and lines. The artist has mahogany chair, and the 'stream' was banked up with moss and flowers...'" Existing watercolors of the conservatory by Charles Wild (1781-1835), who painted many views of Carlton House, do not show any plants placed to take advantage of the overhead light provided by the glass and iron fan vaulting. These watercolours were published by Rudolph Ackermann in his Repositories of the Arts, beginning in October 1819. The watercolors of Carlton House and other royal residences (Windsor Castle, Hampton Court, St. James's Palace, Kensington Palace, Buckingham House and Frogmore House) were re-issued in 1984 by The Vendome Press, ISBN 0-86565-048-9. In Regency Design, however, Steven Parissien shows a view of the Prince Regent's conservatory with extensive planting along the sides p. 218; also in Morley, p. 787). He also notes that the structure leaked badly and quotes Nash in 1822, "the glazed vaulting was 'worse than useless as a roof' and recommended replacing it with plaster." Leaks or no leaks, Prinny's conservatory was, as he wished, a trend-setter. A much more modest conservatory was built by the renowned regency architect Sir John Soane at his country home Pitshanger Manor, in Ealing, a suburb of London. Mavis Batey writes, "The breakfast room opened on to a conservatory, which ran the length of the building, with sash windows to the floor, partly of coloured glass. Soane described it as 'enriched with antique cinerary urns, sepulchral vases, statues...vines and odiferous plants; the whole producing a succession of beautiful effects, particularly when seen by moonlight, or when illuminated and the lawn enriched with company enjoying the delights of cheerful society.'" Despite the difference in scale, it is clear that the conservatories at Carlton House and Pitshanger Manor shared a common element: they were used for entertainment and socializing. Greenhouses have ancient sources.

Central Park has been in the works for 150 years. How did 843 acres of swampy, muddy terrain become transformed into one of the world's premier public spaces? Over the past twenty years, the history of Central Park has been greatly affected by the history of the Central Park Conservancy, the private, not-for-profit organization that manages Central Park under a contract with the City of New York/Department of Parks and Recreation. Look for Conservancy History to learn of the myriad improvements made to the Park through the contributions and hard work of private citizens, corporations, and foundations.

Since the first purposeful cultivation of plants, humankind has struggled to improve growing conditions by altering the environment. For the plant to thrive, is it too cold? Too dark? Too rainy? Too arid? Too windy? How can the plant's living arrangements be improved to give it maximum light, water, air circulation and fertility? How can we improve on Mother Nature?

YOU MUST not be be misled by the beauty of Boca Raton, Florida, or The Harid Conservatory's state-of-the-art facility, small, full-scholarship enrollment, ideal living quarters, and enriched academic program. This is a tough school, based on methodology and dedicated to producing professional dancers. Harid Conservatory was established in 1987 through the gift of an anonymous donor, to provide professional training for gifted young dancers and musicians from the United States and abroad, selected through audition for full-tuition scholarships. The school offers a four-year curriculum that includes ballet, modern, character, and jazz dance; music studies; art and dance history; nutrition; kinesiology and Pilates-based conditioning; career-related seminars; and dance performance.



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